30 July 2010

TGIS: Thank God It's Schadenfreude! (280)

This week's joy in the misfortune of others comes courtesy of CTV (from Monday, July 26; link good at time of posting):
On July 24, two police officers were heading from the station to the coffee shop across the street, when they had a brief conversation with the 43-year-old New Westminster man standing outside.

According to police, a short time later the officers were inside the coffee shop ordering at the till when the man they had spoken with outside walked directly up to the till, threw a drink at the employee and demanded cash.

"[The officers] looked at each other in astonishment that someone would attempt that with two uniform officers in the room," Sgt. Bruce Carrie told ctvbc.ca.
[Previous TGIS]

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28 July 2010

A Round Tuit (39)

A Round Tuit

When it comes to legal blogging, there seems to be no shortage of writing worth reading once one gets around to it.

What's that? You have no round tuit? My friend, you are fortunate indeed, for never before in human history have round tuits been so readily available. If you need one, Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. has them in stock.

While you place your order, I'll share a few posts which are worth your attention.

dmca.jpg

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) has no shortage of critics. The breadth of the DMCA and the tools it gives copyright holders to control huge swaths of otherwise freely-transmitted and used information is, to say the least, somewhat concerning. One aspect of the DMCA in particular — the so-called anti-circumvention clause — shifts the balance between copyright control and fair use strongly in favor of copyright holders. In short, consumers of copyrighted works are permitted to use those works in a number of ways; copyright holders have added controls to their works which prevent many of those consumers' legitimate uses. Logically, consumers should be able to remove those locks and enjoy the full range of use rights to which they're entitled, correct? Well, not really. The law in this case favors the locks and prohibits the "circumvention" of protections even where done to enable a legitimate use. As author and technology blogger Cory Doctorow describes it, "In the traditional view, DRM [Digital Rights Management software] is absolutely protected, so that no one is allowed to break it except the DRM maker. In other words, a film-maker isn't allowed to take the BluRay DRM off her own movie, a video game programmer can't take the iPad DRM off her own game, and an audiobook author can't take the DRM off his own Audible book."

Now comes a glimmer of common sense from the Fifth Circuit. Barry Barnett described the decision in MGE UPS Systems Inc. v. GE Consumer and Industrial Inc. as one which "cuts DMCA down to size":
The software you use at work came from God knows where. Perhaps the Internet. But your copy features something the author didn't intend. Unlike the version the author sells, this one has somehow disabled the security feature that controls access to the software application and the underlying code.

Have you violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act?

Yesterday the Fifth Circuit said no, you didn't.

....

Blawgletter infers that, under MGE, you don't run afoul of section 1201(a)(1)(A) unless (a) the security measure you circumvent (e.g., encryption of the software code) directly prevents copyright violations (copying, making derivative works of, and selling the work) and (b) you yourself write the code that you then use to circumvent the security measure.
Mike Masnick was also cheered by the result in MGE:
[The anti-circumvention clause] opened up the possibility of using pointless digital locks to try to lock users into certain hardware or software choices in an anti-competitive fashion. Thankfully, courts have rejected many of these attempts -- such as with garage door openers, third party repair service contracts and printer cartridges -- all of which were attempts to use copyright to stifle competition, not as an incentive to create. It looks like we've got another one to add to the list, though, like those previous rulings, the more ridiculous aspects of the anti-circumvention rules means that the court has to twist itself into painful contortions to make the ruling it wanted.

....

The [MGE court] suggested that simply using already available software to get around a digital lock might not be infringing itself. In other words, it suggests that only those who modify software to get around a digital lock may have violated the anti-circumvention clause. This could be a really big deal if other courts recognize this (or, if this case is appealed and it holds up).

....

This doesn't mean, of course, that as long as someone else breaks the lock, you're home free. If you are still violating copyright, there are still serious consequences, and there may still be other issues. Also, this ruling only applies in the Fifth Circuit. However, it is an interesting ruling, and yet another one that pushes back on a company trying to abuse the DMCA's anti-circumvention clause for anti-competitive purposes.
The anti-circumvention clauses took a more decisive hit on Monday when the Copyright Office and the Librarian of Congress granted several exemptions sought by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). The EFF discussed the import of its primary wins — the exemptions for "jailbreaking" devices such as the Apple iPhone to enable the installation of unapproved applications and functionality and for creating "remixed" non-commercial works from protected DVDs:
In its reasoning in favor of EFF's jailbreaking exemption, the Copyright Office rejected Apple's claim that copyright law prevents people from installing unapproved programs on iPhones: "When one jailbreaks a smartphone in order to make the operating system on that phone interoperable with an independently created application that has not been approved by the maker of the smartphone or the maker of its operating system, the modifications that are made purely for the purpose of such interoperability are fair uses."

"Copyright law has long held that making programs interoperable is fair use," confirmed Corynne McSherry, EFF's Senior Staff Attorney. "It's gratifying that the Copyright Office acknowledges this right and agrees that the anticircumvention laws should not interfere with interoperability."

EFF also won a groundbreaking new protection for video remix artists currently thriving on Internet sites like YouTube. The new rule holds that amateur creators do not violate the DMCA when they use short excerpts from DVDs in order to create new, noncommercial works for purposes of criticism or comment if they believe that circumvention is necessary to fulfill that purpose. Hollywood has historically taken the view that "ripping" DVDs is always a violation of the DMCA, no matter the purpose.

"Noncommercial videos are a powerful art form online, and many use short clips from popular movies. Finally the creative people that make those videos won't have to worry that they are breaking the law in the process, even though their works are clearly fair uses. That benefits everyone — from the artists themselves to those of us who enjoy watching the amazing works they create," added McSherry.
Mike Masnick is surprised and pleased — pleased that EFF undertook this effort and surprised that it paid-off:
The US Copyright Office finally used its obligated DMCA exemption rulemaking process to support exemptions that protect consumers. As you may recall, every few years the US Copyright Office is obligated, by law, to listen to requests for specific classes of work that should be exempted from the DMCA's anti-circumvention clause and then recommend that the Library of Congress adopt certain exemptions (if it so chooses). Usually the exemptions are extremely limited and do little to protect consumers. In fact, in the past, the EFF has argued it wasn't even worth requesting exemptions for consumer issues, saying the process was "simply too broken." This year, however, they did participate, and actually got some things through.
To paraphrase Apple's response, "Meh." The company reminded their customers that, no matter the legitimacy of their jailbreaking, circumventing the locks on their iPhones will void the associated warranties and make Steve Jobs cry. One step at a time, folks.

Next up, we need to provide greater protection for the tools and toolmakers who enable us to jailbreak our phones and rip our DVDs. DRM has long been a joke in the technical sense — most DRM schemes are broken as soon as they're implemented and the tools to break them are readily available, albeit not through user-friendly or mainstream sources in many instances. What DRM schemes were unable to achieve technically, DRM-using companies were able to achieve through use (and misuse) of DRM protections in the DMCA. Changes like those wrought by the Fifth Circuit, the Copyright Office, the Librarian of Congress, and groups like the EFF essentially strip away companies DMCA-granted authority to retain control over the products they sell us so that they can force us to pay again and again for the privilege of using what we've bought.

I know that many of you are quite concerned at this point that, what with the recent sanity displayed by the Judicial and Executive branches concerning the DMCA, the copyright-controlling artists' estates, holding companies, and commercial conglomerates won't have enough left to squeeze for profits. Fear not, Masnick tells us; copyrights on work done by artists dead for the better part of a century and on player piano rolls are still in play. Yes, you thieving bastards may well end up enjoying the same rights in your .mp3s as you had with your CDs and cassettes, but the music industry will not roll-over and passively allow you to take their player piano profits.

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The ever-mysterious anonymous Blawg Review Editor hosted this week's "Weekly Law School Roundup" in Evan Schaeffer's absence. Law school was on the minds of David Lat and Elie Mystal as well; the two Above the Law colleagues debated whether a liberal bias exists in legal education and, if so, whether it matters. Mystal contended that the ideological disparities shown by surveys do not reflect a legal academia captive to the political left so much as these indicate a reluctance of conservative professors to self-identify and be associated with the ideology of the far right:
We’re talking about intelligent people, and intelligent people generally don’t want to be associated with the party of the Glenn Becks of the world. Think about it: if somebody tells you they are “conservative,” don’t you immediately want to know if they hate blacks, gays, Mexicans, Muslims, or women? Are they a Birther, or a Tea Partier, or do they masturbate to Sarah Palin?

That’s a lot to answer for before you can even get “limited government” out of your mouth.

....

We know that law professors tend to list left at the voting booth, but that has more to do with social policies. Core conservative values about the rule of law, the importance of tradition (stare decisis anyone?), and the deliberate, incremental pace of change are concepts that are alive and well at the nation’s law schools.

Trust me. Try (as I did) writing exams in law school attacking stare decisis, railing against the “assault” of economics on our legal system, or stating that without universal health care, American tort law is just a small tax we ask corporations to pay for their right to do whatever the hell they want at the cost of however many lives they’re willing to pay for. Try it, watch the B’s roll in, and then tell me that there is no home for conservatives at law school.

....

[W]ould the real conservatives please stand up? There are more of you out there than this study would have us believe. And if conservatives and liberals of conscience can stand up together against the fringe crazies on both sides, I think the goals of balanced education will be well-served.
Lat agreed that willingness to self-identify is weaker amongst conservatives, but noted that this is due in part to the prevalence of the liberal viewpoint in legal academia and the professional pressures to either conform or keep silent: "I know of a number of young law professors who are 'in the closet' about their right-leaning views; they’re waiting until they get tenure before they speak more freely." He suggested that a strong liberal bias is not only a reality in acdemia but is a problem there as well:
The study merely confirms what we already know: non-liberals, i.e., conservative and libertarian types, are severely underrepresented in legal academia. According to the Berkeley study, among entry-level, tenure-track hires, clear liberals outnumber clear conservatives by a ratio of over 5 to 1 (52 liberals to 8 conservatives).

....

To be sure, a good law professor makes sure that many different viewpoints are represented in class. But as anyone who has set foot in an American law school knows, not all law profs are “good” — and many are very self-indulgent. They would much rather teach their own pet theory about the law should be, as opposed to what the law actually is.

The impact of political bias is probably even greater today than it was, say, a few decades ago. Law schools today place a much greater emphasis on policy considerations and their role in the law than law schools in years past. As legal academia moves towards public policy and away from black-letter law — which tends to be relatively non-ideological, but which many law professors view with disdain, especially at highly-ranked schools — the problem of liberal bias is magnified....

What is the result of this liberal bias? For starters, lawyers who aren’t as well-trained. If you haven’t been adequately exposed to both sides of a given issue or debate, you won’t be able to advance your client’s position as effectively. This is especially true when you’re trying to advance a position to judges who are more conservative than your law school professors — e.g., most federal judges appointed by Republican presidents, or state-court judges in relatively conservative jurisdictions.
Though many recent law graduates can see their liberal-biased law school years in the near rearview, the prospect of legal argument before a federal judge — or indeed, anyone other than their fellow recent graduates — seems impossibly distant; these poor souls are focused on one thing and one thing only — passing a bar exam. Scott Greenfield had a few words of wisdom for them:
Calm down. Take a deep breath. Not because I'm sure you'll do fine. I'm not. I don't even know who you are, and you may well be the loser you fear you are. But getting yourself worked into a lather isn't going to help you any. Nobody does better on the bar exam by hyperventilating.

Here's the deal. Take the rest of the time off from your studies. If you don't know it by now, it's too late. No seriously, it's too late. And chances are in your favor that you know more than you think. Most people pass the bar exam, and you fall into that category.

....

[A]nybody can blow the bar exam the first time. Anybody. No, I passed the first time, but that doesn't mean that everybody does. Great minds, thinkers, people, lawyers fail the bar exam the first time. It happens. Stercus accidit (use this in an essay and you're guaranteed an extra 2 points).

There is only one thing that you really need to know. While anybody can fail the bar exam the first time, nobody but a blithering idiot... fails it twice. No pressure though. Best of luck and enjoy your time taking the bar exam. Really.
Truly, these are words to live by. I went the lather-and-hyperventilation route and though I managed to pass, it was certainly one of the more unpleasant experiences of my life. For a year afterward, whenever I'd pass the convention center where the exam was given, I'd find myself on the verge of a panic attack. If you find yourself unable to disengage from the studying and exam hypotheticals, perhaps you should try your hand at the hypothetical composed by author Elizabeth Wurtzel and passed-along by David Lat. From pill-popping janitors on work release to noxious gas leaks and imperiled schoolchildren to medical malpractice committed by racially-insensitive doctors, this is one question which will tax all three years of your liberal-biased legal education.

Odds n Ends Shop

The mentoring debate has played itself out in posts and comments at many blogs over the past few weeks and months. Is mentoring rewarding for the mentor as well as the mentored? Has mentoring died-out at large firms or in the profession more generally? What is mentoring exactly and what is it not? Frankly, I don't pay much attention to either the issue or the debate. I try to be professionally-curious, seeking wisdom from those more experienced then myself and imparting what wisdom I have to those less-experienced, but I wouldn't consider any of that "mentoring". Mentoring seems to imply measures of devotion and organization which I would rather apportion to other tasks and pursuits.

Be that as it may, however, one post in particular caught my attention this past week. Discussing a piece in AmLaw Daily from Steven Harper, Ken Adams suggested that the mentoring supposedly demanded by young associates might be counterproductive, at least where contract drafting is concerned:
Harper starts out by quoting a pontificating hack to the effect that we’re experiencing “a generalized absence of the wise old politician/lawyer/leader/editor who helps the young along, who teaches them the ropes and ways and traditions of a craft.”

When considering how that applies to the transactional world, bear in mind that many of the problems that afflict contract drafting are the result of treating it as a craft. Repeat three times after me: Contract drafting shouldn’t be a craft, it should be an industry.

And it follows that because the nature of the work is so precedent-driven, what’s required is not the one-on-one handholding that is mentoring, but instead plain-old training.

But that training shouldn’t consist of anecdotal musings offered in a conference room over a buffet lunch. Instead, training in contract drafting should come from consulting an authoritative reference work; participating in structured training courses, whether provided by law schools, CLE providers, or someone else; taking an online test of your contract-language proficiency; and consulting the annotations when you complete a document-assembly questionnaire forming part of a contract-automation system.

....

Yet I’m not convinced by the WSJ Law Blog’s recommendation that associates “demand” mentoring. That’s sort of like demanding that someone be your friend. Mentoring is a subtle function of personalities, needs, and opportunities, so good luck imposing it by fiat.
Someone once told me that he liked the British more than other "ferners" because they all spoke English but their insults were better than ours. John Bolch reminded me of that recently:
Last year [Sir Nicholas] Mostyn acted for [Earl] Spencer in his divorce, which was heard by Mr [now Lord] Justice Munby, as he then was. Now, however, Spencer is suing Mostyn for negligence, and has apparently disclosed an email that Mostyn is alleged to have sent him in which Mostyn says that he will name the seven piglets that his sow had just had: James, Munby, self-regarding, pompous, publicity, seeking and pillock. Excellent stuff.
Charon QC added that the message sent by "keen farmer" Mostyn was "Bizarre indeed. The Mail notes that Mostyn and Munby are, however, good friends…so there should be little difficulty between the learned friends." No need to for them to flip their wigs, to put it another way.

What do we have in the way of judicial insults? Not much, apart from a judicial election in Oklahoma wherein a candidate's daughter took out an ad urging voters, "Do not vote for my dad!":
McClain County judicial hopeful John Mantooth's daughter and son-in-law paid for the quarter-page advertisement, which features a picture of the daughter's family, highlights cases in which Mantooth has been sued and lists a website the couple started, http://www.donotvoteformydad.com.

Mantooth said the bad blood stems from his 1981 divorce from his daughter's mother.

"This is a family issue which should have been kept private," he said Monday. "I'm very sad about this. I'm very disappointed. I'm hurt, but I love my daughter, and I want things to get better, and I hope they will."

....

Keith Gaddie, a professor of political science at the University of Oklahoma, said such campaigning illustrates that "none of us wants our lives too closely examined."

"It's reality show politics," Gaddie said. "It's unsavory. It's undignified, and it's real."
For the record, my daughter urges you not to vote for her dad, either. Sharp kid, she is.

Finally this week, here are posts from three gentlemen who'd probably make fine judges (though one has his sights set on another office). A few weeks ago, Norm Pattis discussed a particularly tough loss and a "visit" he had with his old teacher, the famed trial lawyer Gerry Spence. In the course of this, Pattis remembered what was best about Spence's Trial Lawyers College and recalled a comment made by Spence, who's claimed to have never lost a case:
I sat up most of last night wrestling with the ghost of Gerry Spence. As usual, I figure he got the better of me. It bugs me.

"You know why you lost that case, Norm?" He approaches me warily, waiting for the trap to spring. My mind is a weapon. It often fires before I can stop it.

I sit silently.

"You lost it because you are mean," he said.

....

"[T]he jury didn't trust you, Norm" Spence says. "It trusted the state, the gentler men." He's pointing at me now, but in a welcoming way. "You know, I would have won that case."

Maybe he would have. Maybe he wouldn't have taken the case. I don't know. I recall years ago his complaining that he could not get into court. His cases kept settling. I offered him a chance to come on board in a gang murder. He declined. "I can't win that case," he said. Criminal defense isn't about picking winners.
Criminal defense isn't about picking winners, but what if it were? Mark Bennett speculated:
In about 20% of the cases I take, I know that in the end I will win and my clients will be able to get their records cleared. There’s a larger chunk of cases that I eventually win; if I investigated every case before taking it, I would recognize many of them as winners ab initio. If I took only cases that I knew I could win, I would still make a decent living. And, while it’s far too late for me to say I’ve never lost a criminal case, the better part of my career is ahead of me; that living would improve as word got out of my newfound invincibility.

I wouldn’t try it because I agree with Norm: “Criminal defense isn’t about picking winners.” If I had, for the last fifteen years, taken only cases I knew I could win, I wouldn’t have won many of the cases that I did outright. I wouldn’t have minimized sentences in many other cases. I wouldn’t have put the government to its proof as many times. In sum, wouldn’t have done nearly as much good.
For Pattis and Bennett, criminal defense isn't about picking winners (and thankfully so); for public defender Gideon, it's not even about picking clients:
Picking winners is an idealistic business strategy, one that established lawyers may attempt as a product of their long standing reputation and the desire to build upon that reputation and create an aura. But, in the end, it is nothing more than an ego-boosting business plan.

Which has nothing to do with the reality of criminal defense. The two are at odds, for one shouldn’t become a criminal defense lawyer for the sake of their reputation or win-loss record or to pad their coffers (though that is a necessary by-product).

....

As a public defender, I do not have the luxury of choosing the clients I represent, yet I do my job with no ambitious desire to “advance my career”. The only ambition I have is to become a better lawyer and represent my clients – especially the guilty ones – more effectively.

....

The ideal is to stand side by side with a man who may well have committed terrible crimes and to say to him: I do not care whether you are guilty or innocent and I will fight to the last to ensure that society treats you with the process and respect that you, as an individual, deserve. Maybe I’m an odd duck, but I want this job because the territory mainly encompasses those that are guilty. To me, they are not the afterthought or the unpleasant tax of doing business.

Until you can truly believe that the guilt or innocence of a client makes no difference to the quality of representation that you provide, you are not a criminal defense lawyer. You are a businessman.

Header pictures used in this post were obtained from (top to bottom) Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., Mojo's Girl, The Irish Trojan's Blog, and Paris Odds n Ends Thrift Store.

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Is absentmindedness considered a disability?

I look forward to reading Blawg Review each Monday and, generally, I'm quick to mention each week's issue here. Sometimes I'm a little busy and I don't get to that mention until Tuesday. That it's Wednesday and I'm only just now getting around to recommending Vincent LoTempio's fine Blawg Review #274 is a particular shame. I enjoyed it very much on Monday, which was the twentieth anniversary of the Americans With Disabilities Act, as discussed by LoTempio's post. What's my excuse for not writing about it here? Well, to borrow from Steve Martin, "I forgot."

Yes, things have been a bit hectic of late, but I'll make amends now. Go and read Blawg Review if you've not done so already. To update, the ADA is now twenty years and two days old, but Blawg Review #274 is just as relevant. The extensive discussion of the importance and impact of the ADA is the highlight of the post, of course, though other relevant legal blogging from the past week isn't neglected. LoTempio offers a personal account of the Act's effects, which helps to remind us that the ADA has done much good in its twenty years. Though some of that good is balanced by the Act's adverse impact on private enterprise in particular and by the "disability culture" which has arisen in employment and education law (Walter Olson has a great post on some of those issues), it's undeniable that the humanity and concern demonstrated by the enacting of the ADA is a legislative moment of which we can be proud all these years later.

Charles Green will host next week's edition of Blawg Review at his Trust Matters blog.

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23 July 2010

TGIS: Thank God It's Schadenfreude! (279)

This week's joy in the misfortune of others comes courtesy of The Telegraph (from Thursday, July 22; link good at time of posting):
A village sign has been stolen so many times that residents have clubbed together to buy a stone version cemented in to the ground.

Households in Shitterton, near Bere Regis, Dorset contributed £20 each to the new sign after repeatedly falling victim to pranksters.

....

Ian Ventham, 62, a retired RNLI director, who arranged the whip-round, said: "It was my wife's idea to carve it out of stone. We have lived here for the last 20 years and during that time the sign has been nicked at least three times.

"We think it was kids who would like to have it stuck on the wall in a den somewhere because its quite an interesting sign.

....

"We thought let's put in a ton and a half of stone and see them try and take that away in the back of a Ford Fiesta."

....

He said: "I suppose this is quite a good example of what David Cameron means when he talks about the Big Society empowering communities.

"I am not sure if he is expressly thinking about Shitterton signposts, but I think he is talking about people getting off their backsides and doing things, rather than expecting them to be done for you."
[Previous TGIS]

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21 July 2010

A Round Tuit (38)

A Round Tuit

When it comes to legal blogging, there seems to be no shortage of writing worth reading once one gets around to it.

What's that? You have no round tuit? My friend, you are fortunate indeed, for never before in human history have round tuits been so readily available. If you need one, Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. has them in stock.

While you place your order, I'll share a few posts which are worth your attention.

Janet Jackson's Wardrobe Malfunction

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is one of the many alphabet soup bureaucracies which have been created over the years, ostensibly to regulate one thing and in time coming to over-regulate others. The FCC's mandate was to license radio and television stations because broadcast spectrum was a limited public resource; a glance at the Commission's website shows that they have their fingers in many pies these days, including such non-scarce resources as internet access. Over the years, in an ongoing effort to maintain its authority as broadcasting has lost ground to non-broadcast technologies, the FCC has drifted away from "scarcity" as the basis of its authority and toward "pervasiveness" of various communications, something I discussed back in the olden days when I used to write about substantive matters on this blog (see here and here).

One of the FCC's chief occupations has been to act as "morality police" to cleanse the airwaves of colorful language. For the kids, you know. Its authority to do so has been upheld many times, starting with the FCC v. Pacifica Foundation decision, but the weaknesses in that authority have become more apparent of late. This past week, Lyle Denniston reported, the Commission's quixotic effort to root-out "fleeting" expletives in broadcasts received a much-deserved beat-down from the Second Circuit in a decision which may herald the end times of the Pacifica ruling:
In a 32-page opinion that makes liberal use of the actual four-letter versions of the ”F-Word” and ”S-Word” and variations of them, the Circuit Court said the FCC’s six-year-old ban is unconstitutionally vague, because it is littered with exceptions that make it unclear to broadcasters what is allowed and what is not. The case is Fox Television Stations, et al., v. FCC (lead Circuit Court docket is 06-1760). With “massive fines” and free speech rights vitally at stake, the Court said, the broadcast industry is taking the option of censoring itself — including its news programs — to avoid violating the policy.

The Circuit Court looked back, quite skeptically, at the Supreme Court’s 1978 Supreme Court ruling that first upheld FCC authority to regulate “indecent” radio or TV broadcasts (FCC v. Pacifica Foundation), and noted that broadcasters and the FCC are still in dispute about just how much authority the Commission has under that ruling. But the Circuit Court said it need not resolve that dispute, since it found that the current policy adopted in 2005 simply fails a traditional First Amendment test for vagueness.

....

Noting that the Supreme Court had considered such changing circumstances in deciding to give cable TV full, rather than qualified, First Amendment protection from government regulation, the Circuit Court said it could “think of no reason why this rationale for applying strict scrutiny in the case of cable television would not apply with equal force to broadcast television” in light of the parental control technology now available.
Mike Masnick noted the odd path this case has taken to reach this point:
Initially the same appeals court found that the FCC's rules were "arbitrary and capricious," but chose not to tackle the First Amendment questions. The Supreme Court actually reversed that ruling, saying that the FCC has the right to make its own rules -- arbitrary and capricious or not. However, it also did not investigate the First Amendment questions.

So, the case went back to the Second Circuit, which has once again smacked down the FCC, saying that even if the rules aren't arbitrary and capricious, they do violate the First Amendment and create a real "chilling effect."

....

The decision is quite interesting, in that it notes that one of the reasons why the FCC was allowed to fine indecency on TV and radio was the "pervasiveness" of those media, but that in today's internet-connected world, it makes less and less sense, since people who don't hear cursing on TV will almost certainly hear it online or elsewhere. On top of that, it notes that technology has given new power to parents to block access to "mature" content, such that the FCC might not have to watch over everything so carefully anymore.

Furthermore, it focuses on the "vagueness doctrine," in noting that if a rule against certain types of speech is too vague, it can create a real chilling effect on speech, as people don't know where the boundaries are located.
Jon Katz aptly called the Second Circuit's decision "absolutely and wonderfully stunning." I couldn't agree more. Matthew Lasar called it a "body blow" to the FCC's "fleeting f-bomb insanity":
After years of enduring inconsistent, illogical, and often plainly stupid indecency decisions from the Federal Communications Commission, the broadcasting industry has found a champion in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. Reviewing the FCC's sanctions against Fox Television for airing several instances of the f-bomb and s-word said on the fly, the court has unanimously declared the agency's "fleeting expletive" policy to be "unconstitutionally" and "impermissibly vague" and in plain violation of the First Amendment.

"Under the current policy, broadcasters must choose between not airing or censoring controversial programs and risking massive fines or possibly even loss of their licenses, and it is not surprising which option they choose," the justices declared. "Indeed, there is ample evidence in the record that the FCC’s indecency policy has chilled protected speech."

....

What's striking about this decision is that it comes very close to challenging Pacifica itself, questioning the decision's assumptions that broadcast indecency should be regulated because of its "pervasiveness" and ability to reach children.

"The same cannot be said today," the justices noted. "The past thirty years has seen an explosion of media sources, and broadcast television has become only one voice in the chorus." In addition, practically every technology now has ample software allowing parents to limit its accessibility to children. "In short, there now exists a way to block programs that contain indecent speech in a way that was not possible in 1978."

....

If these policies are allowed to stand, the court concludes, broadcasters will decline "to pursue contentious people or subjects, or will eschew live programming altogether, in order to avoid the FCC's fines."

In other words, they will censor themselves to avoid being censored by the government. "This chill reaches speech at the heart of the First Amendment."

This decision is arguably a victory for anyone who believes in freedom of expression. We can't put it better than Andrew Schwartzman of the Media Access Project. "The score for today's game is First Amendment one, censorship zero," MAP declared in a press statement.
While this may indeed be called "a victory for anyone who believes in freedom of expression", Kevin Underhill put it more succinctly, terming Fox Television Stations "[g]ood news for expletive users"; he cautioned, however, that only "fleeting" expletives are likely to receive a free pass (for now):
This may go back up to the Supreme Court, of course, but for now, there should be no punishment for letting a fleeting expletive escape into the world. Sustained and/or intentional expletive use or other such bullshit, however, of the kind that certain dickheads might be tempted to experiment with, would probably still get you fined.
Enjoying the ruling with a few choice expletives uttered in the non-scarce environs of the blogosphere, Gideon nonetheless remained wary of this brave new world:
I’m all for this decision right now, but if I’m ever subjected to Janet Jackson’s nipple again, I might sing a different tune. I still wake up with a cold sweat in the middle of the night and see tassels floating before my eyes.
Gideon, my friend, this section's header picture is especially for you.

Eugene Volokh considered the FCC's prospects if this matter reaches the Supreme Court again:
If the Solicitor General asks the Supreme Court to hear the case (as the Bush Administration’s Solicitor General did in the earlier phase of the case, which involved an administrative law challenge to the indecency restrictions rather than a First Amendment challenge), I think the Court will likely say yes. And if that’s so, the Court may revisit the question that Justice Thomas flagged in the previous phase of the case — whether broadcast radio and television should continue to be treated as less constitutionally protected than other media (including cable television and the Internet).
Mike Sacks also focused-on Justice Thomas' earlier comments:
Justice Thomas concurred in last year’s conservative majority, expressing his willingness to strike down the regulation on constitutional grounds even though he did not believe it to be impermissibly arbitrary or capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act. Thomas advocated for overturning precedents that gave less First Amendment protection to broadcast speech than otherwise given to utterances in printed media or cable television. ”Red Lion and Pacifica,” he wrote, “were unconvincing when they were issued, and the passage of time has only increased doubt regarding their continued validity.”

....

What seems certain from last year’s vote is that the Supreme Court, should it grant certiorari in this case, will affirm the Second Circuit’s judgment. If the four liberals–Stevens, Souter, Breyer, and Ginsburg–would have invalidated the policy on administrative law grounds, they would likely strike it down on constitutional grounds as well. And Thomas would surely provide a fifth vote, given his concurrence. Because no other member of the Court’s Fox majority joined Thomas’s concurrence, I question whether Roberts, Scalia, or Alito will side with the dissenters on the constitutional question, though I fall back on conventional wisdom in thinking that Kennedy is up for grabs.
I don't know if Vice-President Biden would call this development a "big fucking deal"; all I know is that he could do so without anyone having to worry about the FCC's morality police coming to call afterward. All in all, that's a very welcome thing indeed.

RatedE.jpg

While I was heartened to see the FCC rebuked as it was, government censorship isn't the only challenge the First Amendment faces these days. "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press...." To my mind, this goes beyond the sort of meddling associated with either censorship or direct control; I'm concerned about entanglement of government with the free press as well. Once government is a significant voice in any market, it tends to quickly become the loudest voice. We don't need to wonder what things would be like if government decided to "lend a hand" to the formerly-free press; we can look at the financial, automotive, and insurance industries to know how that story would end.

Writing in the Wall Street Journal, however, Columbia University President Lee Bollinger suggested that "Journalism Needs Government Help":
We have entered a momentous period in the history of the American press. The invention of new communications technologies—especially the Internet—is transforming the human capacity to speak, perhaps as monumentally as the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. This is facilitating the largest and fastest expansion of global economic growth in human history. Free speech and a free press are essential to a dynamic economy.

At the same time, however, the financial viability of the U.S. press has been shaken to its core. The proliferation of communications outlets has fractured the base of advertising and readers. Newsrooms have shrunk dramatically and foreign bureaus have been decimated.
Bollinger cited BBC News (producers of borderline-anti-Semitic Israeli coverage), Qatar's al-Jazeera, and China's CCTV and Xinhua News as positive examples of government-press partnerships. Roger Pilon, amongst many, many others was dubious, if not incredulous, about Bollinger's proposal that the government add the traditional media outlets to its long list of bailouts:
The argument, in essence, is this. The communications revolution has decimated media budgets. Indeed, “the proliferation of communications outlets has fractured the base of advertising and readers,” leading to shrunken newsrooms, especially in foreign bureaus. Thus the FCC and FTC are now studying the idea of enhanced public funding for journalism. Not to worry, Bollinger assures us, since “we already have a hybrid system of private enterprise and public support” – to wit, public regulation of the broadcast news industry and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. And the most compelling example of state support not translating into official control, he continues, can be found in our public and private research universities, which receive billions of government dollars annually with no apparent problem.

Really? Try getting your hands on some of those funds, or an appointment in one of those departments, if you have reservations about global warming. Or do we need any better example than the case of Elena Kagan, now before us. When the good dean took her principled stand against admitting military recruiters to the Harvard Law School, the larger university community reminded her of the government funds that were thus put in jeopardy, and she adjusted her position accordingly.

But here comes the kicker: Like those who imagine that there’d be no art without the National Endowment for the Arts, Bollinger tells us that “trusting the market alone to provide all the news coverage we need would mean venturing into the unknown—a risky proposition with a vital public institution hanging in the balance.” Was there no news before the invention of NPR, all things considered? And back on the academic analogy, he adds, “Indeed, the most problematic funding issues in academic research come from alliances with the corporate sector. This reinforces the point that all media systems, whether advertiser-based or governmental, come with potential editorial risks.” True, but government is categorically different than private businesses, of which there is no shortage. Yet those who fail to notice that difference, or discount it, are forever drawn to government because it is, as we say, so easy to get in bed with.
Ira Stoll added:
Why, the BBC is almost as anti-Israel as Mr. Bollinger's own Middle East studies department at Columbia! Even the British are calling for privatizing the BBC. Only 41% of Brits polled support the license fee that fund the BBC, and 58% said they think there is no difference between news on the BBC and other, privately funded channels.

....

Do Americans really want to re-model their press along the lines of unfree countries like Qatar and Communist China, taking tax dollars from ordinary Americans working in fields that don't get government subsidies (okay, not banking, autos, green energy, or agriculture, but there must be something left, right?) and giving them to graduates of Columbia Journalism School?
At the Popehat blog, Patrick ably fisks Bollinger's misguided opinion piece:
In a past life, Lee Bollinger was a lawyer and law professor specializing in First Amendment issues. He was the author of scholarly works advocating and celebrating freedom of the press. Today, Lee Bollinger is the president of Columbia University, which collects millions of dollars from students looking for jobs as journalists.

One suspects that past life Lee Bollinger must be spinning in his grave at what present day Lee Bollinger is writing in the Wall Street Journal....

...Bollinger wants a bailout for journalism. Someone’s got to hire all of those J-school grads, and the newspapers sure aren’t doing it now.

But perhaps bailout’s not the best term. A “bailout” is hopefully a singular event, like a bridge loan to help a friend get back on his feet. One time only, unless you’re Chrysler. What Bollinger actually proposes is more like the farm subsidy, an ongoing, perpetual wealth transfer from taxpayers to a favored class.

....

Oh well, as others have pointed out, you’ll come to your senses around 2012. Under the Palin-Huckabee administration.
Patrick wondered whether a news outlet would would be willing to shine a light on government misconduct "if it was expecting a big check from a very political administration at the end of the quarter". It's an important question to ask. Truth be told, even in an age of ubiquitous personal media we still rely heavily on the traditional free press because, rightly or wrongly (hint: it's wrongly), the press have greater protection and latitude to report on government misconduct than lowly non-journalists enjoy.

This disconnect is often noted, but nowhere is it more consistently apparent than when citizens record police misconduct on their mobile phones and other devices. Authorities have frequently abused state wiretap and privacy laws to bully and prosecute those who've recorded the public misconduct committed by police and other officials acting in their official capacities. Radley Balko has written many times on this issue and pointed this past week to a USA Today editorial which effectively criticized these abuses:
This is an abuse of prosecutorial authority and a misinterpretation of state law. But it's typical of the attitude of too many prosecutors and police toward people who record their encounters with law enforcement and are usually completely within their rights to do so.

Websites that monitor these cases have posted stories from around the country of police ordering people to stop videotaping or photographing them, sometimes violently. Most of the time, the police apparently either don't understand the law or are deliberately misstating it to bully people into putting away their cameras or cellphones.

Only in Massachusetts and Illinois is it explicitly illegal to make an audio recording of people without their consent, so officials there can prosecute those who tape police encounters. Ten other states, including Maryland, have "two-party consent" laws that require both (or all) people being audiotaped to approve, but the statutes apply to "private" conversations, such as a phone call. Generally, courts and prosecutors conclude that an officer arresting someone in a public place has no expectation of privacy.

....

Some police departments have acknowledged reality and instructed officers to assume they'll be recorded and act accordingly. Other departments learn the hard way. Beaverton, Ore., was ordered last month to pay a $19,000 settlement to a man arrested after he videotaped his friend's arrest.

As police officers point out, videotapes can be taken out of context, or show an incomplete story. And, in some instances, police might have a legitimate need for privacy, such as when they meet with informants. But there are ways to deal with this without shutting down citizens' rights to protect themselves from abuse.
Adding to the newspaper's comments and discussing another recent incident wherein a man was bullied by police for (legitimately) photographing a traffic stop, Balko wrote:
Frankly, it’s not enough that he merely wasn’t arrested. They tried to intimidate him into giving up his rights. I’ve written this before, but if citizens can’t claim ignorance when they’re cited for breaking the law, cops can’t be be allowed to get away with trying to enforce laws that don’t exist.
Carlos Miller, whose Photography is Not a Crime site regularly chronicles police intimidation of photographers and others who record police conduct, reported that some measure of relief may be on its way:
A U.S. Congressman has introduced a resolution that would protect citizens who videotape cops in public from getting arrested on state wiretapping charges.

Edolphus Towns, a Democrat from New York, introduced the resolution on Thursday, the same day USA Today wrote a scathing editorial denouncing these types of arrests.

These types of arrests have become an epidemic throughout the country as more people are carrying some type of video-recording device on them at all times.

....

These arrests tend to take place in states that have two-party consent laws regarding the electronic recording of conversations. These illegal wiretapping laws were created to protect people from having their phone conversations recorded, which is normally a situation where one would have an expectation of privacy.

However, police have twisted the law in their favor to arrest people who are videotaping them in public – where nobody has an expectation of privacy.
Our First Amendment freedoms of speech and of the press represent the Founders' admonition that the government they established should not be permitted to control what we say, hear, read, or write. Sometimes government's instinct to control manifests in direct intervention, as with police persecution of bystander-photographers, and other times it is more subtle, as with financial and other entanglements between government and the press. Direct or indirect, with or without the acquiescence of the traditional media, government control in all its forms deserves nothing less than the strongest resistance we can offer.

Odds n Ends Shop

I'm as tired of writing about the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) as you are tired of reading about it. Unfortunately, bureaucrats and businesses around the world tirelessly continue to bargain-away our rights and freedoms under a veil of secrecy; fortunately though, bloggers like Michael Geist continue just as tirelessly to report, analyze, and criticize their machinations. This past week, Geist discussed the changes in the most-recently-leaked version of the ACTA:
[T]he simmering fight between the U.S. and the E.U. on ACTA is now being played out in the open. During the first two years of negotations, both sides were at pains to indicate that there was no consensus on transparency and the treaty would not change their domestic rules. Over the past four months, the dynamic on both transparency and substance has changed.

....

At the conclusion of the latest round of negotiations in Lucerne, the U.S. did not achieve its goals for the talks and refused to agree to the release of an updated text.

....

The transparency fight is really cover for the bigger fight - the substance of the treaty. A review of the latest text reveals that virtually every major area of disagreement (there are still many) comes down to the U.S. on one side and the E.U. on the other.

....

By far the biggest source of disagreement remains scope of the agreement, with the U.S. (supported by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore) pushing for an agreement limited to trademark and copyright, while the E.U. and Switzerland seeking to extend it to all intellectual property. Of particular importance to the E.U. is the inclusion of geographical indications and industrial designs, with de Gucht calling the issue a "red line" issue and questioning the value of the treaty if they are not included. If they are included, many countries will be forced to make significant changes to their domestic laws, since many do not have criminal or civil enforcement or border measures dealing with the issue. In other words, satisfying the E.U. on the issue may require reneging on earlier commitments to leave domestic laws largely untouched. However, failure to satisfy the E.U. may ultimately kill the agreement altogether. Moreover, with the same U.S. companies that urged the government to negotiate ACTA, now warning against extending it too far, adopting the E.U. position risks alienating some of ACTA's biggest supporters. The issue of scope is one that will ultimately require one side to cave or otherwise leave ACTA in limbo for the foreseeable future.
Andrew Moshirnia discussed the substance of the changed "Injunctions" section in leaked draft and the lack of transparency in the negotiations process:
When you won’t show me what is behind the curtain, I want nothing more than to rend draped velvet. But if you just pull the fabric back and show me the fantastipotamus, I’ll quickly grow bored.

The trade representatives crafting ACTA feigned that they understood this basic equation (openness + politics = mundane disinterest) when they finally released a draft of the long secret agreement a few months back. Granted, this release came after a series of leaks exposed the noxious text. But I thought there was a glimmer of hope that US negotiators might provide some of the transparency our current administration had promised.

No such luck. The resumption of secrecy was all but announced when trade representatives would only show the text to the EU Parliament in camera, with the MEP’s forbidden to share the information with the public.

....

[The Injunctions section] suggests that injunctions may be served directly to ISP intermediaries, resulting in the cessation of internet access. That is, rather than serving and trying the accused pirate, the rights holders would target the risk adverse ISPs. Although it is likely that courts would not order a digital execution without hearing something from the accused, it is likely that ISPs would want to avoid the matter entirely by simply acceding to the right holder’s demands....

Supporters of ACTA will claim that this doomsday interpretation is farfetched. I think that the track record of the entertainment industry and the clear push for a three strikes option counsel against that attack.
From time-to-time, there's a flurry of legal blogging about the ethically-questionable conduct of some non-lawyer marketers and the lawyers who hire them; after each flurry the furor inevitably dies-down before, just as predictably, business-as-usual in the less-professional end of the legal profession causes it to once again flare. This week, the casus belli was provided by legal marketer Sparta Townson, who does her marketeering under the modest moniker "Internet Guru Girl". Townson recently left spam comments on behalf of several attorneys on Jaime Spencer's Austin Criminal Defense Lawyer blog; Spencer not only called her on this but called the attorneys who hired her, to advise them that they'd outsourced their ethics along with their marketing:
All comments came with the obligatory URL from a backlink bot. I received 30 to 40 identical comments to different posts in the space of just over an hour.

I let her clients know that if this little ole, rarely updated, and less frequently read blog was getting hit, that there were probably some of the bigger blogs on the block being targeted as well. And that some blogging lawyers don’t start with a “Hey, did you know what your SEO person is doing?” phone call… they just lash out with the name of the offending lawyer in the title of the post.

Sparta had already heard from at least one unhappy client by the time I spoke with her, but was not at all sympathetic to my plight. She asked if my blog was open or closed, and told me that since it was open, my comment section was fair game. What I got from the conversation was that she would damn well put whatever idiotic comments she wanted on my blog, and happily associate her client’s names to them, as often as she pleased, and that there was nothing I could do about it. Open blog, therefore the fault was mine.
Mark Bennett had recently come across Townson when she proposed to develop a costly web site for the non-profit Harris County Criminal Lawyers Association ("between $10,000 and $11,000 for the development of a website for a nonprofit professional organization with an annual budget around $100,000, and then $500 a month for maintenance," he noted); instead of blogging about that, however, he focused-on Spencer's experience:
Outsource marketing = outsource reputation. When Sparta posts (or, probably more accurately, has some contractor overseas post) a spam comment on Jamie's blog, that spam comment appears to come from the lawyer who is paying the bill. That makes the lawyer look bad (see, e.g.), and does not enhance her reputation. Sparta, though, is a saleswoman. She doesn't have the same ethical responsibilities as the lawyers she is rooking serving, and she doesn't seem to care much that she may be demolishing her clients' reputations.
In another post, Bennett discussed the entitlement claimed by Townson and other legal marketers to spam open comments:
Is Townson right? If a blog has “open” (not moderated) comments, is it fair game for the spammers?

....

Townson can’t make her own rules. She can choose not to to engage in offensive conduct, or to do so and risk the sanction.

....

Nobody gets to tell Jamie what to do on his blog. The so-called experts who want to spam with impunity can call it “bullying” when Jamie lays down the sanction of his choice for breaking his rules, but even if they had a web presence worth a damn, I doubt that Jamie would care.

Who makes the rules? Those who, like Jamie, are writing the content that people want to read (and link to) make the rules.
Popehat's Ken discussed this latest chapter in an ongoing saga:
Unsophisticated attorneys buy into the sizzle that “professional marketers” are selling — they believe that marketers will use sophisticated, legitimate, and benign methods to improve their search engine rankings. Little do they know that marketers frequently employ bots, or low-paid net jockeys on the Subcontinent, to flood legal (and non-legal blogs) with spam comments in a highly offensive, and usually fruitless, attempt to build their clients’ web presence.

And so, credulous and careless attorneys who have outsourced their marketing — and hence their reputation — suddenly find that their names are associated not so much with legal excellence, but with the same marketing technique favored by cut-rate porn sites and the multitude of pills that make your dick hard.... No blogger likes spam. No reader likes spam. So the attorney whose marketer has resorted to spam has generated hostility and contempt for dubious (if any) gain.

....

Lawyers who hire comment spammers ought to know better. There are plenty of hints that the profession of “legal marketing” is shot through with bumblers and scam artists and uber-spammers. Take, for example, the fact that these people often spam to find clients. So it’s a mystery to me why people don’t expect their outside marketers to spam unless specifically told not to. It’s a mystery why customers of “legal marketing experts” don’t educate themselves and realize that comment spam doesn’t work — which is why only crooks and morons use it.

Unfortunately... too few lawyers are sensible.
As for Townson, this dust-up seems to be amongst the least of her legal troubles; just this past Saturday, The Paris News (via Scott Greenfield) reported a defamation suit in which Townson is the defendant:
Townson started a blog about Dr. John D. Liming, “aka Dr. Sliming.” She also posted comments on several other sites. According to court documents, Townson said Liming had to leave several practices. She also accused him of drinking while practicing medicine, theft and lying.
It's noteworthy that in upholding an injunction issued in the matter, an appeals court found that "Townson does not deny making defamatory per se statements about Liming". Attorneys, know thy legal marketer.

Still, it's not just the non-lawyer marketers whose ethics are a bit shaky; Eric Turkewitz — who coined the "outsource your marketing, outsource your ethics" phrase — noted this past week that self-promoters like one of actress Lindsay Lohan's recent series of defense attorneys need to mind their step as well. He discussed the comments made to People magazine by Stuart Goldberg, a Chicago attorney with whom Lohan consulted:
I really don’t get it sometimes. A client goes to a lawyer with a legal problem. The lawyer declines the case. And then the lawyer yaps to the press?!? Are you kidding me?

....

Why the hell is this Stuart Goldberg, apparently a Chicago criminal defense lawyer, talking about what he heard or saw in the confidence of his practice? And why would any future client ever trust him to keep a secret?

The People article has him giving a great deal of information about his supposed-confidential meeting with Lohan at her home.

....

That is no way for a lawyer to act, unless Lohan agreed to let him yap to the press, which seems rather unlikely.
Scott Greenfield added his thoughts:
Taking a quick look at Goldberg's website , one thing is immediately clear. He's not shy. This is a guy who craves attention. From his self-published novel (with video intro!) to his opening website video. No, this is not a shy. self-deprecating lawyer. This is a lawyer who wants recognition.

....

Is it possible that Lohan told Goldberg that he's free to discuss her confidences with the media? It is, though it's hardly likely. Is it possible that Goldberg is a set-up, offering impressions to the media as part of a campaign to humanize LiLo and explain her inappropriate reaction to the court. It is, and that's more likely, but still not very likely.

We live in an age of celebrity, where people want desperately to become someone that others know exist. Some will do anything, from mind-numbingly stupid tricks on Youtube that risk their life, to crimes for the notoriety, to feigning a child in a blow-up flying saucer. Anything to get in the media. Anything.

Was that why Stuart Goldberg talked? He got his name in in People Magazine and TMZ . He's all over the internet. His beauty shot on his website now appears to have legs. Is he now the best known, most prominent criminal defense lawyer in Chicago, for having been LiLo's transitory choice for counsel? After all, he must be something special if LiLo gave him a look.

For a lawyer to disclose confidences to promote himself, for sheer self-aggrandizement, is a disgrace.
Finally, a late-breaking score in a match we've been following here and elsewhere for some time: obfuscation defeated substance 13-6 yesterday at Senate Judiciary Committee stadium in Washington, D.C. (where it's grandstanding-room-only but there's always space for one more straw man). Take my peanuts and Cracker Jacks... I don't care if I ever go back.

Header pictures used in this post were obtained from (top to bottom) Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., Telegraph.co.uk, All Things Digital, and Paris Odds n Ends Thrift Store.

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20 July 2010

Blawg Review gets 95years. 43years with good behavior.

This week, Richard Allen and Joe Pirrotta host Blawg Review #273 at their 95years blog. If you're deterred by the name of the blog, don't worry -- it probably won't take you 95 years to get through their post; I read it only a day-and-a-half, thanks to those wonderful Hooked on Phonics and Your Baby Can Read tapes my wife gave me for Christmas. Your mileage may vary, of course.

Allen's and Pirrotta's focus is on the music industry, journalism, and the legal industry. Highlights include the recording industry's ongoing efforts to turn a mountain of money into a molehill of money, a rare defense of law school, and the sad prospect that your legal work is so menial that you deserve overtime (but probably still won't get it).

Vincent LoTempio will host Blawg Review #274 next week.

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16 July 2010

TGIS: Thank God It's Schadenfreude! (278)

This week's joy in the misfortune of others comes courtesy of the Telegraph (from Wednesday, July 14; link good at time of posting):
A pair of hapless thieves who hot-wired a motorboat and took out to sea became stranded when the tide went out and were rescued by police.

Jason Goodwin and Michael King left a £7,000 trail of destruction after stealing an inflatable dinghy from a marina in Fareham, Hants, and rowing out to the cruiser.

Once on board they managed to start the vessel, called Titan, but soon became stranded and were forced to let off a rescue flare.

....

"It was an MOD police officer who saw Titan aground. Goodwin was wading in the water nearby, King was trying to put the anchor down. Then Goodwin got out of the water and lay on the mudbank."

The police continued to watch as 38-year-old Goodwin, who wasn't wearing any trousers, and King, 27, then began walking along the bank, carrying the stolen dinghy.

A police launch was sent out and the two men got back in the dinghy to row away.

....

When they were interviewed by police they blamed each other.
[Previous TGIS]

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09 July 2010

TGIS: Thank God It's Schadenfreude! (277)

This week's joy in the misfortune of others comes courtesy of Boing Boing (from Tuesday, July 6; link good at time of posting):
Justin Bieber's "My World Tour" Twitter voting contest asked fans to vote on which country he should tour next, without restriction on which countries could be included in the vote. 4chan smelled opportunity: Anonymous nominated North Korea, then the boards clickswarmed. At the time of this blog post, more than half a million votes now demand the Canadian singer go do his thing on Kim Jong Il's party train.
[Previous TGIS]

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07 July 2010

A Round Tuit (37)

A Round Tuit

When it comes to legal blogging, there seems to be no shortage of writing worth reading once one gets around to it.

What's that? You have no round tuit? My friend, you are fortunate indeed, for never before in human history have round tuits been so readily available. If you need one, Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. has them in stock.

While you place your order, I'll share a few posts which are worth your attention.

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This past week, we Americans commemorated our Independence Day. Our Declaration of Independence remains a remarkable document. Its prose is, in places, pure poetry; the underlying concepts have never been better stated elsewhere, before or since. As Americans, we have much to be proud of and thankful for, as Scott Greenfield noted:
There are so many things that we could do better here, and so many stumbling blocks that prevent us from accomplishing the goals of the Declaration of Independence. Yet, Americans live a very good life. Often misdirected, with far too much emphasis on the material and personal status. A cynical view is that we're herded that way so that we don't spend too much time thinking about the more important things, the things that this nation isn't as good at providing. When the economy tanks and we lack the wherewithal to buy shiny things, our minds wander to more existential matters like freedom. But then the economy improves and we go right back to worrying about the new car we desparately need to show our neighbors that we're as good as they are. Maybe better. This is the good life we lead.

....

Despite the ongoing economic problems, the still-spewing oil in the Gulf of Mexico, the fighting without end in Afghanistan and Iraq, and a nation perpetually confused by the meaning of the Declaration of Independence, we still live a better life her than many other people do elsewhere. That's an accomplishment worth appreciating.
On the Fourth, Bobby Frederick reread the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and wondered whether we'll ever live up to their ideals:
Today, most of our citizens have no idea what those documents say or mean, nor do they care. Freedom sounds good - but it should not get in the way of law and order, establishing and maintaining Christianity as the dominant religion of our country, or suppressing undesirable viewpoints. We quickly became an oppressive, imperialist nation which exerts its influence across the globe by attempting to conquer and control as many foreign lands as possible and then exploit them for as long as possible. We have become much better at this than England ever was.

In a few minutes, I'm going to watch a fireworks display with my three year old son, and we'll have a good time. He'll enjoy the pretty lights and the loud noises. I'll stand in awe as I think of how we are celebrating the birth of a nation, and I'll imagine I am seeing the red glare of rockets and hearing the bombs as they burst in the air above us. I love this country, and what it is supposed to stand for. But I wonder if or when we, the human race, will evolve from our violent nature - will we ever stop trying to control one another, killing one another, exploiting one another.
Mark Bennett reminded us that the Declaration of Independence was not a academic exercise:
The founders were not always patriots. They began as traitors, risking everything to sever their ties with the government that was supposed to keep them safe but that broke that promise and stole their freedom.

America didn't become independent in the first week of July of 1776. The founders didn't, with a stroke of the pen, create a free nation; rather, they formalized a revolution, and pledged to that revolution their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. It took seven more years for the states to become independent.

Thomas Jefferson knew that the course of governments is toward greater authority and tyranny. That governments become destructive to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness was a fact acknowledged in the Declaration without fanfare. Whenever—not "if" or even "when"—it happens,
it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.
Government's advance toward tyranny can be slowed by resistance—that's our day job—but it can only be reversed by revolution.

....

The time may not be right for revolution now; that does not mean that it never will be. And until the day arrives when we must refresh the tree of liberty, it's our job to keep the spirit of 1776—the spirit not of independence but of revolution—alive.

Preserve the spirit of resistance.
Rick Horowitz shared Bennett's sprit of resistance:
Our Founders, those who gave birth to what has been unarguably the greatest nation on Earth — though one may doubt whether we still deserve that title — were a rebellious lot. They would not have tolerated a police force that makes things up as it goes and almost always what is made up is contrary to law. They would not have stood for a police force which, under the guise of making us safe, takes over our neighborhoods, placing everyone under house arrest and threatening the very safety they claim to be protecting.

....

For most of the life of the United States, we lived by a set of values enshrined in the Declaration of Independence and a set of rules enshrined in the Constitution which created these United States. Today, the values are but buzzwords; the rules have become, at best, guidelines — a means for criminal defense attorneys like me to try, usually unsuccessfully, to rein in the governmental abuses of a police force run amok.

I say this with sadness more than my own sense of rebellion.
On Independence Day, Norm Pattis' sense of rebellion sounded as though it were forged in anger rather than tempered by sadness:
John Rawls conceived the social contract as one involving the following bargain: would folks with a general sense of a society's social structure and economic possibilities agree to abide by the rules if they did not know what position in society they would occupy? This is called he maximin position: Wouldn't we want to assure that the worst position in a society, the lowest rung, is a place we could accept as just? Wouldn't we want to maximize the minimum position?

Our contract is broken today. Few would protest being a hedge fund czar, sitting atop a mountain of cash knowing that risk is underwritten by the federal government. The banker's world is sweet: They are too big to fail. But so many Americans now are too small to succeed. Just how many people lost homes last year? How many homeless are there? How many have lost hope? Doesn't the Declaration speak to them as well?

We were once a refuge to those in need. Today we close our borders. The world is smaller. There is nowhere to flee in the name of liberty and opportunity. We are here, in a land we call free where many live lives of desperation.

Tomorrow is the Fourth of July, but it is not Independence Day. When I read the Declaration of Independence I am inspired to revolt, but not against King George. I'm looking for something a little closer to home, and can't quite get a bead on just what that might be or how that rebellion might look.
Considering the Bill of Rights, Gideon was also bothered by how far we've regressed in two centuries:
What a beautiful concept: we are individuals first and as individuals, we have rights that will not be subordinate to those of an ever-changing abstract concept.

The concept is dying a quick and painful death. It took only 200 odd years for the pendulum to have shifted completely in the opposite direction. By attrition, or force of sensationalism, or crowdsourced fear, the line drawn by the Constitution has turned around and is now facing those very individuals it sought to protect. The idea of individual liberties is so foreign to most, that comes as a surprise to many that the founders fought and fought hard for them.

These protections and rights exist merely as a thorn in the side of the righteous who seek to punish the evil. US vs. criminals. Speeding this disaster is the learned hand of those who are in charge of interpreting and enforcing the august protections enumerated and implied by the Great Document.

Jurisprudence, over the years, has taken an increasingly narrow approach to individuals’ rights, especially those charged and convicted of criminal offenses. The scope of acceptable intrusion by the Government has increased dramatically over the years and the zone of protection surrounding each individual and his possessions has correspondingly narrowed.

....

The role of the defense lawyer has gone from Constitutional law expert to mitigation specialist. Cases are won and lost on the facts, not the law. The law is dead to us. A lifeless corpse that taunts us and obstructs us in our efforts to keep the Govermental power in check. There is no longer any confidence backing up an assertion that an act by the police is “clearly illegal”. Frankly, there is no such thing anymore. Courts will find a way to condone whatever improper action we complain about.

....

The law is dead and slowly, it’s killing us all too.
Brian Tannebaum added:
Four of the first ten amendments, otherwise known as the Bill of Rights, were written for the criminal justice system. To sum it up, the criminal defense lawyer mirrored the philosophy behind the creation of America - a mistrust of government, a method of redress, and liberty. The criminal defense lawyer was given important powers to question government and assure that any attempt to take away liberty was done with strict scrutiny.

....

A frequent quip is that if the Constitution were to be drafted today, the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th Amendments would look much different, if they were written at all. More frequent is the cries of those who rail against the criminal defense function, until they are arrested, or worse, treated rudely by a police officer. At that point, they "know their rights." So they thought.

Sadly, I don't think we will ever go in a different direction. We see the criminal defense lawyer as an obstructionist, a delay tactic, and a waste of taxpayers money if it's a public defender.
John Wesley Hall, Jr. suggested that we ourselves are responsible for our loss of Fourth Amendment liberty, having acquiesced in or encouraged government abrogation of these rights:
We as a society have to change the government’s thinking about the Fourth Amendment. But, don’t blame Bush or Obama; blame yourself. If the government never has much respected the values of the Fourth Amendment, apparently “We the People,” the collective we, haven’t either.

It’s always the other guy’s privacy rights at issue, never yours. That short sighted thinking for the life of this country is what got us in this Constitutional mess. The rights of every citizen are protected when the rights of any one of us are. This is the boiling frog syndrome in action–what little rights we have we don’t even try to protect because we don’t see them slipping away when it is always the other guy who’s rights are violated.

....

To get government to respect the Fourth Amendment as a government policy will take a seismic shift in American thinking. The civil libertarians couldn’t do it, President Obama can’t do it, and the Tea Partiers and government won’t do it. I don’t see Americans today doing it because individual privacy is not a “hot button” issue for anybody in 2010 except for the person who just lost his or her privacy.
Say a Second Revolution were to happen today; if it were successful, what founding documents would be put in place for the new republic? Frankly, we couldn't do better than to start with the Constitution and Bill of Rights. America's failure is not in its foundation, but in how far we've diverged from our founding principles; we've done it little-by-little, generally with the best of intentions, often in response to genuine crises, but we've done it.

What's needed then is not a revolution against this government particularly or all government more generally. We need a revolution of government — of what our government does and how it does it, and perhaps more importantly what our government will not do, leaving us to do for ourselves or do without. This is not a partisan issue. Both Republicans and Democrats have demonstrated that they will diminish their citizens' rights to benefit their own power; both parties have demonstrated an unwillingness to rein-in spending and regulation to achieve the limited government envisioned by our founders. Both parties are wrong and we're wrong for abetting them with our money, votes, and continuing support. I'd join the Democrats if they stood for limited government and personal responsibility; I'd join the Republicans if they stood for personal liberty and social equity; I'd join the Tea Partiers if they stood for something more than lower taxes and smaller federal government.

Can it be called a revolution if you're not replacing one form of government with another, but instead restoring it to what it was in the beginning? On a golf course, that's called a mulligan. On a playground, it's a do-over. Amongst friends, it's a second chance. What's needed isn't so much a political struggle but a reaffirmation of faith in our founding principles and a repopulation of a more limited government with public servants who respect individual liberty. We need more statesmen and fewer politicians; we need more citizens and fewer clients of government.

Our Founding Fathers recognized that government is a wild beast; they captured it and built a zoo to contain it, but in the centuries since we've transformed that zoo into a wildlife park. In the process, we've become become prey for the beast. The first Independence Day heralded a triumph of limited republican government over boundless royal authority. It was a confirmation of support for the natural rights of individuals. Time and again the Declaration of Independence describes a free people voluntarily giving up a tiny fraction of that freedom to create a government capable of guaranteeing their personal, social, and economic freedoms and capable of nothing more than that. Will we regain the spirit of that first Independence Day? I hope we will do so within my lifetime, but it will take more than hope; we'll need to pledge to each other, as our Founding Fathers did, "our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor."

kagan.jpg

Solicitor General Elena Kagan's nomination hearings continued this past week. Kagan continued to display both a sparkling wit and an ability to avoid giving substantive answers. As to the former, Kashmir Hill collected Kagan's five pithiest sound-bites from the third day of her confirmation hearings, continuing Above the Law's excellent play-by-play coverage of the spectacle. As to the latter, you can review nearly any other statement she made. Norm Pattis aptly described her performance as a "theater of evasion":
To the president belongs the right to nominate a person to the Supreme Court. The Senate has a supporting role in the process: to advise and consent to the nominee. But this role is reduced to a charade when a candidate does what Kagan did, and claims the jurisprudential privilege of refusing to answer any question that involves an issue on which she might rule. Answering such questions would be "inappropriate," Kagan said, again and again.

There is nothing inappropriate about answering an honest question with candor. Kagan's refusal to do so justifies a bipartisan filibuster of any vote on her nomination. When she sat before the American people yesterday looking like some sort of self-satisfied chipmunk she did nothing so much as offend.We should offer you lifetime employment based on that interview? I'm sorry, counsel, but I wouldn't hire you as a summer associate if yesterday's evasion is the best you can do. A Supreme Court justice is much like an ancient oracle, your utterances will define the terms and conditions of our lives. It is not too much to ask what you think of issues likely to come before you.

....

If this is the best Kagan can do,the Senate would be within its bounds simply to refuse to vote on her nomination. It would be unfair to reject her outright: she is intellectually qualified. But she is saying nothing. The woman is pretending to be a cipher. The Senate can and should put an end to the theater of evasion by refusing to pass judgment on her nomination until she does something other than tap dance around the truth. Perhaps that is the only way we can put an end to the sorry spectacle of meaningless nomination hearings.
Though the focus of this sorry charade was on the nominee, several legal bloggers questioned whether the Senate Judiciary Committee was fulfilling its "advise and consent" role. Admittedly, I couldn't stomach much of C-SPAN's coverage for all their posturing and preening, but judging by what I saw of our Senators' performances, I wouldn't trust them to advise me on a used car purchase, much less a nominee to the nation's highest court. Elie Mystal offered "one man's take" on each of the members of the Committee:
[T]here seems to be a media blind spot when it comes to grading the Senate Judiciary Committee itself. These 19 elected representatives are entrusted with the awesome responsibility of being the people’s voice in a process that ends with a lifetime appointment. Yet few seem to care if these guys are doing a good job — or if they even know what they are talking about. Sure, we’ve got to live with confirmed SCOTUS Justices for the rest of their lives, be we have direct electoral control over the Senators who do the confirming. Is it too much to ask that we find 19 people in the entire U.S. Senate that actually understand what judges do for a living?
Remarkably, Mystal found a few bright spots — Republicans Hatch and Graham and Democrat Klobuchar (despite her Twilight-themed questioning) received A's and A-minuses — and more than a few who need to reread Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution.

Jeff Gamso did not comment on Mystal's willingness to grade, but on Kagan's refusal to do so:
She doesn't want to "grade" the work of those she hopes will be her future colleagues. I don't blame her. It could make for uncomfortable days on the Court if she says that every one of the eight folks with whom she hopes to work for a couple of decades frequently act like dishonest charlatans whose work is ideologically driven, fatuous, and out of step with both the real world and any honest recognition of what the Constitution and the law are really about.

But so what? She isn't running for Generalissima Congeniality. She's running for a seat as Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Her efforts toward collegiality cannot trump the Senate's right to ask and learn before confirming. And certainly should not trump the public's right to know.

And that whole, I can't express a view on any issue that may come before the Court (which is, of course, any issue) because it would be "inappropriate." Why? What would be inappropriate about it?

OK, I agree that it would be inappropriate to promise a particular vote in advance of the case being put before the Court. When she must decide X, it should be on the specifics of the case, the record, the details of the question presented, the briefs and arguments, and the precisely relevant laws. To promise now what she might say then would be wrong, because it means she won't do her job then.

But to say what she thinks? Now? About the issue itself? In general terms? There's no reason to refuse.

Justice Scalia has made clear his general view of the constitutional right to abortion. So has Justice Ginsburg. So have the rest of them. Are they, thereby, disqualified from addressing the question when it next comes to the Court? If they are, then they should disqualify themselves from just about every case. The Court would be out of business in two years.

If a sitting Justice can express a view in one case and still vote in the next, surely a not-Justice can do that.
Senator Tom Coburn is a big fan of The Federalist Papers and he wanted everyone watching the hearings to know that. I think he also likes fruits and vegetables, but he might just dislike Obamacare; some of us are still a bit fuzzy on where he was going with his Commerce Clause questioning. Jacob Sullum noted Coburn's discussion of healthy living and unhealthy lawmaking:
Coburn: If I wanted to sponsor a bill and it said Americans, you have to eat three vegetables and three fruits every day and I got it through Congress and that's now the law of the land, got to do it, does that violate the Commerce Clause?

Kagan: Sounds like a dumb law. But I think that the question of whether it's a dumb law is different from whether the question of whether it's constitutional, and I think that courts would be wrong to strike down laws that they think are senseless just because they're senseless.
There is nothing objectionable in Kagan's response, except that it does not address the question Coburn asked, which is less fanciful than it might seem. As I have argued, the constitutional logic needed to justify the individual health insurance mandate as an exercise of the federal government's authority to regulate interstate commerce is so elastic that it can be stretched to cover highly intrusive laws regulating what heretofore were considered private choices.
In a second post, Sullum responded to criticisms that Kagan's remarks had been widely-reported out-of-context, omitting her response that the Commerce Clause has not been used (and should not be used) to regulate non-economic activities; the problem, as Sullum discussed, is that that's not the case:
She is wrong when she says the Commerce Clause "has not been applied to noneconomic activities." While U.S. v. Lopez, a 1995 decision that overturned a federal ban on gun possession in or near schools, and U.S. v. Morrison, a 2000 decision that rejected a federal cause of action for victims of sexual assault, did take a skeptical view of regulating noneconomic activities under the Commerce Clause, they left the door open to such regulation when it is "an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity, in which the regulatory scheme could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated." The Supreme Court seized upon that rationale in Gonzales v. Raich, the 2005 case in which it held that the power to regulate interstate commerce "includes the power to prohibit the local cultivation and use of marijuana in compliance with California law" (i.e., the state's medical marijuana law).

According to Raich, mere possession and consumption of marijuana falls within the Commerce Clause, so it's hard to see why mere possession and consumption of fruits and vegetables would not, provided the government said a fruit-and-veggie mandate was "an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity." Coburn suggested how that argument might go, based on the federal government's heavy involvement in the health care market. Alternatively, federal regulation of agriculture—the rationale for the 1942 decision Wickard v. Filburn, which said the government could stop farmers from growing wheat for their own use because the resulting drop in demand affected interstate commerce—could provide a handy excuse. I would like to believe that Kagan was stating her own opinion when she said the Commerce Clause does not apply to noneconomic activity, but I think she was simply mischaracterizing the Supreme Court's precedents.
Though Kagan's testimony on property rights received less attention than did her comments about fresh produce, Ilya Somin considered what the nominee had to say about property rights generally and the Kelo decision particularly:
Kagan’s comments on Kelo are reasonable and largely accurate. It’s a substantial improvement over Sonia Sotomayor’s mischaracterizations of the decision during her testimony last year....

However, I do have a few bones to pick. First, it is slightly incorrect to state that Kelo said that the “public purpose” test applies only to cases involving “a broad-scale urban development plan.” The Kelo majority opinion was quite clear in stating that the test applies to all takings. Kagan was probably confused by the majority’s statement that “a one-to-one transfer of property, executed outside the confines of an integrated development plan” might not deserve as much judicial deference as one that is part of a plan. However, as the Court emphasized, the “public purpose” test applies even to these types of cases; it’s just that courts might not be as deferential to the government’s claim that a public purpose existed.

Much more importantly, Kagan was wrong to suggest that the existence of a “development plan” is a meaningful constraint on the scope of condemnation authority under Kelo. ...Virtually all economic development and blight takings are pursuant to some plan or another. Ironically, even 99 Cents Only Stores vs. Lancaster Redevelopment Agency, a California district court cases specifically cited by the majority as an example of an impermissible “one to one taking” was actually part of a redevelopment plan. And the Kelo majority’s refusal to even consider the quality of the plans in question ensures that it is possible for a state or local government to create a “plan” justifying virtually any taking.

I also think that Kagan is a bit too optimistic in suggesting that post–Kelo reform in the states ensures that “the question never arises because the state government doesn’t try to effect such a taking in the first instance.” As I have explained in my academic work on post-Kelo reform, many of these are primarily symbolic and don’t actually restrain condemnations in any significant way.


Odds n Ends Shop

Like many law students (myself included, many years back), Laura McWilliams is drawn to criminal law as a professional focus; like many, she's realized that the adversarial system we embrace in our courts is nowhere more adversarial than in criminal justice. What she's found, and many law students do not, is that choosing sides is not the point:
Among the things that I discovered I wasn’t prepared for, the top of my list is this: I wasn’t prepared for the affinity I would feel toward criminal defense lawyers.

I don’t know if I should be thinking about the law as taking sides, but at this point (just after finishing my first year of law school and one month into my first internship), I think that if there are sides, there are just two: Prosecution and Defense. When I choose, I end up with the prosecution every time. But here’s a surprise: it doesn’t matter all that much. It’s just the side I fall on. It tells me which side of the courtroom I’ll be standing on when I’m a lawyer, and, of course, it will tell me when it’s my turn to speak. Without two sides, there’s no battle. Without a battle, there’s no trial. Without a trial, well…we’re talking about people’s lives and all. There has to be a battle.

The defense lawyers I know are rabid in the courtroom and on their blogs. They fight, as hard as anyone I’ve ever seen. The law is rules and procedure, but until you’ve watched an accused individual walk into a courtroom in leg chains, you haven’t seen the hole from which CDLs have to claw up. Defense lawyers have to be rabid. They have to.

And why shouldn’t they be? Innocent until proven guilty. That’s the beginning and the end of what our society tells us about criminal law. Any criminal defense lawyer will tell you that it’s almost never that simple. The legal system is flawed, and so are jury boxes. Judges, too. Every single person in the system is a human being and while that makes for an interesting society, it makes for an imperfect courtroom. So defense lawyers attack with every tool they can bring with them through that courthouse door.
Prompted by McWilliams' post, Norm Pattis discussed whether justice would be served by allowing defense and prosecution to switch roles from time-to-time; he encouraged McWilliams to "prosecute if [she] must, but be wise":
In England, barristers, or Queen's Counsel, are called upon to both prosecute and to defend, although obviously not in the same case. That seems a far more sensible system. The prosecution does not develop the sort of pack-like mentality that comes of close association in pursuit of common goals, year after year. Rotation of trial counsel also keeps law enforcement accountable; it could break the paramilitary pall that comes of ranks closed forever against the world. I am not a close student of the English criminal courts, but I wonder whether police lying and the code of silence is as prevalent there as it is here.

....

Would the system improve and be less wasteful if we abandoned professional prosecution?

One benefit would be that the state, our grandest of legal fictions, would no longer be represented in the prosecution of criminal offenses by a caste apart. Prosecutors are simply unaccountable.

....

We need prosecutors. But we need prosecutors who are something other than caricatures. Forcing lawyers to play forever on the same side of the courtroom does not make for better outcome: It guarantees group think and inefficiency. Prosecute if you must, Laura. But never forget that it is a person you are prosecuting; you will represent the state for a lifetime, and, truth be told, never meet your client.
Mark Bennett applauded McWilliams' idealism but cautioned that "such idealism casts little light on the way things are":
One reason that the system is so badly out of whack is that the criminal justice system is viewed, even by law students, as a tool to protect not only our safety, but also "our collective morals." The protection of our collective morals—the mythical province of aspiring theocrats—leads to the condemnation and prosecution of conduct that threatens our safety only tenuously, if at all.

But can't a prosecutor help bring the system back into balance? Well, prosecutors don't make the laws or set the punishments. They just enforce them. And those making the laws and setting the punishments aren't listening to those prosecutors who are telling them to back off; they're listening to the pollsters who are telling them to play to the fear. Prosecutors—especially new prosecutors—have to play by the rules that their bosses set, and those rules don't often include disregarding the laws that shouldn't be.

I've said before, if you see the high ground, take it. That is, if you have a clear vision of your proper role in the criminal justice system, don't go mucking around on the other side. But sometimes the terrain is misleading, and what looked like high ground turns out to be swamp.
Rick Horowitz is probably not the only criminal defense attorney who's drowned on high ground. This past week, he eloquently described the parallels between earning a Boy Scouts Lifesaving merit badge and defending the accused, and how he continues to learn hard lessons:
There may be lots of situations in which a life needs to be saved, but the Boy Scout Lifesaving merit badge focuses on saving drowning people. One of the things you learn is “[h]ow rescue techniques vary depending on the setting and the condition of the person needing assistance.” Along the way to earning the badge, you have to “[e]xplain the importance of avoiding contact with an active victim and describe lead-and-wait tactics.”

As a criminal defense attorney, I’m having to re-learn these things.

....

If you get too close, a drowning person will latch onto you with all the fierceness of, well, a drowning person. They will fight to pull themselves up by pulling you down. They will grab you and they will not let go. They will not be thinking that they do not know how to swim and you do. They will not relax. They will not let go. They will not allow you to do what needs to be done.

Your job is to try to save them, without being drowned yourself. You must learn how to approach.

One of the tricks is to move rapidly towards them, ducking underwater (and thence out of their reach) just as you approach. Grab the drowning person’s legs and try to turn them so that they are facing away from you. You can’t let them get too close when you are face-to-face, because they will try to grab you and both of you will go under.

Then it will be a fight to see who, if anyone, is coming out on top.

As a criminal defense attorney, I’m still learning that last trick.

....

This week, I did not dive under quickly enough. I let myself get too close. For one thing, I became intoxicated over the fact that I managed to muscle my way past the sharks circling my target. I got into a closed police station and stopped an interrogation before it started. This does not happen very often.

....

But I forgot that getting through to my drowning client was just part of the job. I made it past the sharks, but I still had to get him to shore. I forgot to turn him, so that he could not grab onto me and drag me down with him. His family screamed from the beach. I let them distract me.

Here is where the analogy breaks down a little bit, but not completely. The drowning person believes he knows how to save himself. His family believes he knows how to save himself (and that they, too, have some good ideas about it).
If I were drowning, I'd be grateful to have someone like Horowitz swimming through sharks to rescue me. I understand enough about the "justice" system to know, however, that if I'm left to rely on the system, it's more likely to be someone like Jerry Guerinot tasked with my rescue. Guerinot is legendarily unsuccessful in "defending" those accused of capital crimes in Texas; he's colloquially known as the state's "undertaker". It is one of Guerinot's clients, Linda Carty, whose case was noted this week by Charon QC:
I don’t know if Linda Carty did or did not commit the offence for which she will be executed in Texas shortly – but it does seem to be clear:

(a) That Texas has broken the agreement relating to British citizens by failing to inform the British government when legal action is taken against British citizens

(b) That Linda Carty is a British citizen by virtue of her birth in St Kitts

(c) The original trial was flawed in several ways – her conviction resting on testimony of co-conspirators who testified against her to avoid execution themselves

(d) That Jerry Guerinot, the defence lawyer, has landed 20 clients on death row, more than any defender in America (The Times) and that he only met Carty for 15 minutes before the trial. It appears, astonishingly, that he failed to cross-examine prosecution witnesses.

....

The problem is that, as I suspect is the case in Britain, the quality of legal representation is both excellent and bad in the United States. This is a common problem with many sectors – unfortunate thought it may be. It would seem, from remarks in a leading US newspaper (above), that Linda Carty drew a short straw and ended up with one of the bad ones. Unfortunately – this is not a matter of a poorly executed conveyance, if you forgive the deliberate metaphor – this is a matter where a woman will be put to death by the State of Texas. If the trial and legal representation was flawed – it should not be a matter of our prime minister appealing for clemency – the entire trial should be be set aside (assuming there is provision for appeals of this nature – and if there isn’t, perhaps there should be)

If the trial was fair, the legal representation to the standards expected of lawyers in the United States, then it becomes a matter of investigating the breach of the agreement between Britain and the United States as to why our government was not informed. If that has been breached – is the trial even valid in law? I don’t know the answer to that one. Assuming that argument to be a non-runner (in which case why bother having agreements between the United States and Britain on such matters) it becomes a matter for the United States to consider the value they place on our relationship with them should Cameron make an appeal.
Charon and I are friends and as friends we differ in our views on capital punishment — he opposes it unequivocally and I do not. Nevertheless, even as a moderate supporter of the death penalty I am troubled by the issues in Carty's case. Capital punishment is morally-distinguishable from murder not because of its state sanction, but because of the considerable procedural and substantive safeguards in place to guard against its misuse; where those safeguards are diminished de jure or de facto, capital punishment cannot be countenanced, regardless the heinousness of the crimes sought to be punished.

Even in a much more perfect system than ours, however, the best safeguards and the most honest and conscientious police and prosecutors will sometimes fail; in such circumstances, we must willingly remedy injustices even where, procedurally, everything was done by the book. Procedural efficiencies should not be permitted to trump substantive rights or to thwart the ends of justice.

Was there injustice done in Carty's case? We need to know. If we examine her situation because she's a British citizen and Texas failed to abide by international agreements concerning criminal prosecutions of foreign nationals, so be it. Then let's find an excuse to take a hard look at the next capital case and the one after that. We need to know — in every case.

Header pictures used in this post were obtained from (top to bottom) Carbolic Smoke Ball Co., NYDailyNews.com, Fox4KC.com, and Paris Odds n Ends Thrift Store.

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